The Indian Ocean dipole (IOD) is an intrinsic coupled mode of variability in the tropical Indian Ocean. It has broad impacts on regional climate. An IOD index is defined as the difference between sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies averaged over the western Indian Ocean (WIO, 50°–70°E, 10°S– 10°N) and eastern Indian Ocean (EIO, 90°– 110°E, 10°S–Eq.). An important issue in the studies of IOD...

INTRODUCTION Intramural oesophageal dissection (IOD) is a rare clinical condition and there is a paucity of information regarding the appropriate diagnosis and management. It is described as bleeding in the submucosal plane of the oesophagus, and has various documented causes. PRESENTATION OF CASE We report a case of a 73 year old female who developed IOD. She presented with severe chest pain...

2 ABSTRACT Long-standing biases of climate models limit the skills of climate prediction and projection. Overlooked are tropical Indian Ocean (IO) errors. Based on the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) multi-model ensemble, the present study identifies a common error pattern in climate models that resembles the IO Dipole (IOD) mode of interannual variability in nature, with ...

BACKGROUND The aim of the present study was to establish the normal ranges for foetal nasal bone length (NBL), prenasal skin thickness (PNT), interocular distance (IOD), and ratio of prenasal thickness to- nasal bone length (PNT/ NBL) at 18-24 weeks using two-dimensional (2D) ultrasound. METHODS This study was a retrospective study of prenatal ultrasonographic records from 407 foetuses betwee...

Article history: Received 14 March 2008 Received in revised form 24 July 2008 Accepted 14 October 2008 A strong relationship between Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) and high-frequency (HF) atmospheric variability in the low-level zonal wind is reported in the present study. We found that the HF atmospheric variability over the Indian Ocean (IO) is strongly modulated by IOD events, that is, HF atmosph...

Low-frequency modulation and change under global warming of the Indian Ocean dipole (IOD) mode are investigated with a pair of multicentury integrations of a coupled ocean–atmosphere general circulation model: one under constant climate forcing and one forced by increasing greenhouse gas concentrations. In the unforced simulation, there is significant decadal and multidecadal modulation of the ...

Rainfall and vegetation across Africa are known to resonate with the coupled ocean-atmosphere phenomena of El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD). However, the regional-scale implications of sea surface temperature variability for Africa’s photosyntheis have received little focused attention, particularly in the case of IOD. Furthermore, studies exploring the inte...

[1] Positive Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events generally tend to be accompanied by intensified summer monsoon flows and above normal precipitation over the subcontinent; although strong monsoons have not always coincided with positive IOD events. Numerical simulation experiments and supplementary data diagnostics are performed to understand the IOD sub-surface dynamics in relation to the monsoon...